kdb+ is a high-performance time series database and analytics engine powered by a vector language q. It has been in existence for over 30 years.
It uses columnar storage for efficient querying. For example, if you have temperature readings, taken at 5 minute intervals, you can pull out the whole vector of temperatures in a single query (you are pulling the full time series vector as opposed to a reading from a time series).
If you have corresponding humidity readings, you can do a similar query.
This avoids reading entire rows even if only one field is needed. Typical relational databases query cross-sectionally.
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