PEM structure consists of a text file in Base64 encoded data format (a binary-to-text encoding consisting of 64 printable characters - the idea is you can push binary data into a communication channel that only supports text). Base64 is famous for its use in attachments, since SMTP in its original form was designed to support 7-bit ASCII characters only.
An alternative to PEM in Java contexts is DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) used for X.509 certificates and private keys.
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